What are the parts of Medicare, in plain terms?
Part A covers hospital stays. Part B covers doctors and outpatient care. Together those two are called Original Medicare. Part D covers prescriptions. Part C, usually called Medicare Advantage, is a private plan that bundles A and B and usually D into one plan with a network.
A Medigap or Supplement policy is different again: it sits alongside Original Medicare and pays some of what Original Medicare leaves you owing.
Can I have a Medicare Advantage plan and a Supplement at the same time?
No, and this is one of the most common mix-ups. They are two different paths and you pick one.
A Supplement only works alongside Original Medicare, so if you join a Medicare Advantage plan a Supplement cannot pay anything for you, and it is not legal for anyone to sell you one.
If you already have a Supplement and are weighing an Advantage plan, talk it through with someone first, because dropping the Supplement can be hard to undo.
Is Medicare free?
Part A is usually premium-free if you or your spouse paid Medicare taxes long enough while working. Part B has a standard monthly premium that almost everyone pays, and it is normally deducted from a Social Security check.
Part D and Medicare Advantage plans have their own premiums, deductibles and copays. So no, but the specific numbers are published every year and we will go through yours with you.
Do I need both Part A and Part B?
For most people, yes. Part A alone covers hospital stays and leaves out doctor visits, lab work and most of the care people actually use during a year.
Delaying Part B is only safe in specific situations, most commonly while you have creditable coverage through an employer with 20 or more employees.
What is a formulary?
It is the list of drugs a plan covers, and every drug plan has its own. Two plans in the same county can cover completely different medications, which is why the premium on a mailer tells you so little.
The question is never whether a plan is good, it is whether your specific prescriptions are on that specific list.
What does a drug tier mean, and why does it change my cost?
A tier is the price group a plan puts each covered drug into, usually five or six groups from cheap generics up to specialty drugs.
The same medication can sit in a low tier on one plan and a high tier on another, and that difference can cost more across a year than any difference in premium. This is the arithmetic that gets skipped when nobody has your actual list.
Does Medicare cover dental, vision and hearing?
Original Medicare does not cover routine dental, vision or hearing care. Many Medicare Advantage plans include some of it, but the amount and what it actually pays for vary a great deal between plans.
Being listed as a benefit and covering the specific thing you need are two different questions, and the second is the one worth asking.
When should I start learning about all this?
About six months before you turn 65, or about six months before you plan to leave employer coverage. That is early enough to use the three months before your birthday month, which is the part of your enrollment window that starts coverage with no gap.